About 'the school of leadership'|The Bad to the Bone School of Shamanic Leadership

Ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ａｆｆｅｃｔｓ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ               ｏｆ               ｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ               ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｉｔ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｍａｋｅ               ａ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｗｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｔｏ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅ.

Ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｍａｋｅｓ               ａ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ,               ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙ               ｆｏｒ               ｗｏｍｅｎ,               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｓｏｃｉａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ,               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｂｉａｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｖｏｔｅｒ               ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ.

Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｍａｋｅ               ａ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ               ｉｎ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｂｒｉｎｇ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｐｅｒｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ,               ｓｔｙｌｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ａｇｅｎｄａｓ,               ｔｏ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅ.

Ｗｈｅｎ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｒｕｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅ,               ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｉｎ               ａｓ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ａｓ               ｍｅｎ               ｄｏ,               ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｒｕｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅ               ｌｅｓｓ               ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙ               ｔｈａｎ               ｍｅｎ,               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｓｏｃｉａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               (ｌｅｃｔｕｒｅ).

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｏｃｉａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｃｃｕｒｓ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｐａｒｅｎｔｉｎｇ,               ｓｃｈｏｏｌ               ａｎｄ               ｗｏｒｋ,               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ,               ａｎｄ               ａｆｆｅｃｔｓ               ｈｏｗ               ｆｅｍａｌｅｓ               ｐｅｒｃｅｉｖｅ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｉｎ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ.

Ｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｉｚｅ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ａｃｃｅｐｔａｂｌｅ               ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｓ               ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ.

Ｆｏｒ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ,               ｐａｒｅｎｔｓ               ｔｅｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅ               ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ               ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ               ｏｎ               ｆｅｍａｌｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｅｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｒａｎｄ               ａｇｇｒｅｓｓｉｖｅ               ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ               ｉｎ               ｇｉｒｌｓ               ａｓ               ｄｅｖｉａｎｔ               (ｌｅｃｔｕｒｅ).

Ａｇｇｒｅｓｓｉｖｅ               ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｌａｂｅｌｅｄ               ｄｅｖｉａｎｔ               ｉｎ               ｂｏｙｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｃｅ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｔｒａｉｔ               ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｅｎｆｏｒｃｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｍａｌｅｓ               (ｌｅｃｔｕｒｅ).

Ｍａｎｙ               ｔｒａｉｔｓ               ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｍａｌｅ               ａｒｅ               ａｌｓｏ               ｃｏｍｍｏｎｌｙ               ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ａ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｉａｎ               (ｌｅｃｔｕｒｅ).

Ｉｎ               "Ｗｏｍｅｎ,               Ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ,               ａｎｄ               Ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               Ｓｏｃｉａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ",               ｂｙ               Ｍ.

Ｍａｒｇａｒｅｔ               Ｃｏｎｗａｙ,               Ｇｅｒｔｒｕｄｅ               Ａ.

Ｓｔｅｕｅｒｎａｇｅｌ,               ａｎｄ               Ｄａｖｉｄ               Ｗ.

Ａｈｅｒｎ,               ｉｎ               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               &               Ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               Ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｉｏｎ,               ｔｈｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｓ               ｅｘｐｌａｉｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｒｅ               ｔａｕｇｈｔ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｅａｒｌｙ               ｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               (21).
               Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ,               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｌｅａｒｎ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｐａｓｓｉｖｅ,               ｕｎｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｅｄ,               ａｎｄ               ｌｅｓｓ               ｐａｓｓｉｏｎａｔｅ,               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ               (21).

Ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ,               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｏｌｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｍｅｎ               ａｆｆｅｃｔｓ               ｗｏｍｅｎ'ｓ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ.

Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｒｅ               ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｂｒｏｕｇｈｔ               ｕｐ               ｔｏ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｐｒｉｍａｒｙ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｄｅｍａｎｄ               ａｆｆｅｃｔｓ               ｗｏｍｅｎ'ｓ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ａｍｂｉｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｍｅｎｔｓ               (22).

Ｉｎ               "Ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               Ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ               ｉｎ               Ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               Ａｔｔｉｔｕｄｅｓ,               Ｂｅｌｉｅｆｓ,               ａｎｄ               Ｐｏｌｉｃｙ               Ｐｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ",               ｉｎ               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               &               Ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               Ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｉｏｎ,               ｔｈｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｓ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓ               ｈｏｗ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓ               ｂｅｌｉｅｆｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ａｆｆｅｃｔ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｏｒｉｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｗｏｍｅｎ.

Ｐａｔｒｉａｒｃｈａｌ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｉｔｙ               ｉｓ               ｃｏｍｍｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｍａｎｙ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓ               ｄｏｃｔｒｉｎｅｓ               ａｎｄ,               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｗｈｏ               ｈａｖｅ               ｇｒｏｗｎ               ｕｐ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎｓ               ａｒｅ               ｌｅｓｓ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｔａｋｅ               ｏｎ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｒｏｌｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｅｃｏｍｅ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ               (Ｃｏｎｗａｙ,               Ｓｔｅｕｅｒｎａｇｅｌ,               ａｎｄ               Ａｈｅｒｎ,               36).

Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ａｒｅ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｍａｎｙ               ｗａｙｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ａ               ｌａｒｇｅ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｓｏｃｉａｌｉｚｅｄ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｉｎ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ.
               Ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ-ｓｏｃｉａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｈａｓ               ａ               ｐｒｏｍｉｎｅｎｔ               ｉｍｐａｃｔ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ,               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ａｒｅ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｗｈｏ               ｒｉｓｅ               ａｂｏｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｓｏｃｉａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｆｅｅｌ               ｃｏｍｐｅｔｅｎｔ               ｉｎ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ,               ａｒｅ               ｎｏｔ               ｅａｓｉｌｙ               ｄｅｆｅａｔｅｄ               ｎｏｒ               ｔａｋｅ               ｄｅｆｅａｔ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌｌｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｔｅｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｒｉｓｋ               ｔａｋｅｒｓ               (ｌｅｃｔｕｒｅ).

Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｕｓｕａｌｌｙ               ｈａｄ               ａｄｅｑｕａｔｅ               ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｈｅｌｐ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｙ               ｏｆ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｃｏｍｅ               ａｎｄ               ｈａｖｅ               ｈａｄ               ｇｏｏｄ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｍｏｄｅｌｓ               (ｌｅｃｔｕｒｅ).

Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｔａｋｅ               ａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅ               ｏｆ               ａｖｅｎｕｅｓ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｒｉｓｅ               ｔｏ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｐｒｏｍｉｎｅｎｃｅ,               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｒｕｎｎｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒ               ｏｐｅｎ               ｓｅａｔｓ               (ｌｅｃｔｕｒｅ).

Ｄｅｓｐｉｔｅ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓ               ｉｎ               ｒｉｓｉｎｇ               ａｂｏｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｓｏｃｉａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ,               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｆａｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｓｏｃｉａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｏｒａｔｅ.

Ｆｏｒ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ,               ｉｎ               "Ｔｈｅ               Ｂｏｔｔｌｅｎｅｃｋ:               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               Ｂｅｃｏｍｉｎｇ               Ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ",               ｂｙ               Ｇｅｏｒｇｉａ               Ｄｕｅｒｓｔ-Ｌａｈｔｉ,               ｉｎ               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅ               Ｏｆｆｉｃｅ,               ｔｈｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｓ               ｗｈｙ               ｓｏ               ｆｅｗ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｒｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｈｉｇｈｅｒ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅ.
               Ｏｎｅ               ｒｅａｓｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｔｈａｔ,               ｉｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｆｏｒ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｔｏ               ａｄｖａｎｃｅ               ｔｏ               ｈｉｇｈｅｒ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅ,               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｂｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｉｎ               ｌｏｗｅｒ               (ｏｒ               ｌｏｃａｌ)               ｏｆｆｉｃｅ               (ｐｉｐｅｌｉｎｅ               ｔｈｅｏｒｙ-               ｌｅｃｔｕｒｅ)               (15).

Ｒｉｇｈｔ               ｎｏｗ,               ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ,               ｔｈｅ               ｐｉｐｅｌｉｎｅ               ｈａｓ               ｆｅｗ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｉｔ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎｏｎ               ｃｒｅａｔｅｓ               ａ               ｂａｒｒｉｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｗｏｍｅｎ'ｓ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ａｄｖａｎｃｅｍｅｎｔ.

Ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｂａｒｒｉｅｒｓ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅ,               ｍａｌｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｉａｎｓ               ｏｖｅｒｔｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｖｅｒｔｌｙ               ｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｋｅｅｐ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｏｕｔ               ｏｆ               ｈｉｇｈｅｒ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅ,               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｗｈｏ               ｗｏｎ'ｔ               ｖｏｔｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｗｏｍｅｎ,               ａｎｄ               ｖｏｔｅｒｓ'               ｉｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｔｏ               ｅｎｖｉｓｉｏｎ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｈｉｇｈ               ｅｘｅｃｕｔｉｖｅ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ               (16).

Ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｓｏｃｉａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｏｒａｔｅ               ｏｃｃｕｒｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｆｕｎｄ               ｒａｉｓｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒ               ｆｅｍａｌｅ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ.

Ｉｎ,               "Ｔｈｅ               Ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               Ｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓ               ｏｆ               Ｆｕｎｄ-Ｒａｉｓｉｎｇ,               Ｐａｒｔｙ               Ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ,               ａｎｄ               Ｍｅｄｉａ               Ｃｏｖｅｒａｇｅ",               ｂｙ               Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ               Ｌｏｇａｎ               Ｆｏｘ,               ｉｎ               Ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               Ｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓ               ｉｎ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｔｈｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒ               ｅｘｐｌａｉｎｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｍａｌｌｅｓｔ               ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎ               ｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｆｅｍａｌｅｓ               (115).

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｓｏｃｉａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｅｍａｌｅ               ｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｏｒｓ'               (116).

Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｏ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ               ａｒｅ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｈｏｗ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｏｒａｔｅ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｓｏｃｉａｌｉｚｅｄ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｉｎ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ.
               Ｖｉｅｗｉｎｇ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｓ               ｉｎｅｆｆｅｃｔｕａｌ               ｉｎ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ,               ｃａｎ               ｌｅａｄ               ｔｏ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｂｉａｓ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｗｏｍｅｎ.

Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｂｉａｓｅｓ               ｃａｎ               ｍａｋｅ               ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｗｉｎｎｉｎｇ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｂｉａｓ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｅｘａｍｉｎｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｉｎｇ,               ａｎｄ               ｍｅｄｉａ               ｃｏｖｅｒａｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｆｅｍａｌｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ.
               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｆａｃｅ               ａ               ｖａｒｉｅｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｂｉａｓ               ｉｎ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｉｎｇ.

Ｉｎ               "Ｇｅｎｄｅｒ,               Ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               Ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               'Ａｉｒ               Ｗａｒｓ'               ",               ｂｙ               Ｌｅｏｎａｒｄ               Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍｓ,               ｉｎ               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅ               Ｏｆｆｉｃｅ,               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｆａｃｅｄ               ａ               ｖａｒｉｅｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｓ               ｒｅｇａｒｄｉｎｇ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｉｎｇ.

Ｏｎｅ               ｐｒｏｍｉｎｅｎｔ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ               ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ               ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎｉｎｇ,               ｉｎ               ｐａｒｔ,               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙ               ｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎ               ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｌｙ               (40).

Ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ,               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｗｈｏ               ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｌｙ               ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎ               "...ｒｉｓｋ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｔａｇｇｅｄ               ａｓ               ｓｈｒｉｌｌ,               ｓｔｒｉｄｅｎｔ,               ｖｉｃｉｏｕｓ,               ｕｎｆｅｍｉｎｉｎｅ,               ｅｖｅｎ               'ｂｉｔｃｈｙ'               ",               ｗｈｅｒｅａｓ               ｍｅｎ               ｗｈｏ               ｄｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｅ               ａｒｅ               ｓｅｅｎ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ               ｌｉｇｈｔ               (40).

Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｒｅ               ａｌｓｏ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               "ｄｏｕｂｌｅ               ｂｉｎｄ"               ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｍｅａｎｓ               ｔｈｅｙ               ａｒｅ               ａｕｔｏｍａｔｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｓｃｒｕｔｉｎｉｚｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｎｅｇｌｅｃｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎｉｎｇ,               ｗｈｅｒｅａｓ               ｍｅｎ               ｄｏ               ｎｏｔ               ｆａｃｅ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓａｍｅ               ｓｃｒｕｔｉｎｙ               (46).

Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｃｌｅａｒ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｆａｃｅ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｂｉａｓ               ｉｎ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｉｎｇ.
               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ｆａｃｅ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｂｉａｓ,               ｉｎ               ｍｅｄｉａ               ｃｏｖｅｒａｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎｓ.

Ｉｎ               "Ｆｕｎｄｒａｉｓｉｎｇ,               Ｐａｒｔｙ               Ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ,               ａｎｄ               Ｍｅｄｉａ",               ｂｙ               Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ               Ｌｏｇａｎ               Ｆｏｘ,               ｉｎ               Ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               Ｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓ               ｉｎ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｄｉａ               ｓｈｏｗｅｄ               ｂｉａｓ               ｔｏｗａｒｄ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｓｉｍｐｌｙ               ｂｙ               ｎｏｔ               ｃｏｖｅｒｉｎｇ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ               ａｓ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ａｓ               ｍｅｎ               (130).

Ａｎｄ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｃｏｖｅｒｅｄ,               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｄｉａ               ｆｏｃｕｓｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃｒｅｄｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｈａｎ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｅｄ               (130).

Ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｏｒｄｉｎａｔｅ               ａｍｏｕｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｓｃｒｕｔｉｎｙ               ａｎｄ               ｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｄｉａ,               ｉｓ               ａ               ｆｏｒｍ               ｏｆ               ｂｉａｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃａｎ               ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｌｙ               ａｆｆｅｃｔ               ｔｈｅ               ａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｔｏ               ｇｅｔ               ｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ.
               Ｖｏｔｅｒ               ｂｉａｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ               ａｒｅ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｔｏ               ｇｅｔ               ｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ.

Ｕｎｆｏｒｔｕｎａｔｅｌｙ,               ｖｏｔｅｒｓ               ｔｅｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｌｙ               ｏｎ               ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｂｉａｓ               ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｒｅａｌｉｚｅ               ｉｔ               ｏｒ               ｎｏｔ.

Ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ,               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｉｋｅｌｉｈｏｏｄ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｗｉｎｎｉｎｇ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ.
               Ａｎ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｖｏｔｅｒ               ｂｉａｓ               ｉｓ               ｃｏｖｅｒｅｄ               ｉｎ,               "Ｖｏｔｅｒ               Ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               Ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ"               ｂｙ               Ｅｌｉｚａｂｅｔｈ               Ａｄｅｌｌ               Ｃｏｏｋ,               ｉｎ               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅ               Ｏｆｆｉｃｅ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｓ               ｈｏｗ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｖｏｔｅｒｓ               ｈｏｌｄ               ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｉｄｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ               ｖｉｅｗｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｌｅａｖｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ               ｔｏ               ｍｅｎ,               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｖｏｔｅｒｓ               ｈｏｌｄ               ａ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｆｅｍｉｎｉｓｔ               ｖｉｅｗ               ｔｈａｔ               ｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ               ｅｑｕａｌｉｔｙ               ｉｎ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ               (57).

Ｓｏｍｅ               ｖｏｔｅｒｓ               ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ａ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｈｏｌｄｓ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｐｒｅｆｅｒａｂｌｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｑｕａｌｉｔｉｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｖｏｔｅ               ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｌｙ               (58).

Ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｍｏｒｅ,               ｖｏｔｅｒｓ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｓ               ｌａｃｋｉｎｇ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｄｅｓｉｒａｂｌｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ               (61).

Ａｎｄ,               ｗｈｅｎ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｃａｎｎｏｔ               ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅ               ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｖｏｔｅｒｓ               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｌｉｋｅ               (ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｄｉａ),               ｔｈｅ               ｖｏｔｅｒｓ               ａｒｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｌｙ               ｏｎ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｓ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｖｏｔｉｎｇ               (62).

Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ａｐｐａｒｅｎｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｖｏｔｅｒ               ｂｉａｓ               ｐｌａｙｓ               ａ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｉｎ               ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｉｋｅｌｉｈｏｏｄ               ｏｆ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅ.
               Ａｎ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ               ｏｎ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｉｓ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄ               ｉｎ,               "Ｔｈｅ               Ｖｏｔｅｒｓ",               ｂｙ               Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ               Ｌｏｇａｎ               Ｆｏｘ,               ｉｎ               Ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               Ｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓ               ｉｎ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｉｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｔｈｅ               1992/1994               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｅｘａｍｉｎｅｄ.

Ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               1992               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｖｏｔｅｒｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｆｅｄ               ｕｐ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｃｕｍｂｅｎｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｏｄ               ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｆｒｅｓｈ               ａｐｐｒｏａｃｈ               ｔｏ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ               (162-163).

Ｔｈｉｓ               ａｔｔｉｔｕｄｅ               ｗｏｒｋｅｄ               ｗｅｌｌ               ｆｏｒ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ａ               "...ｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａｌ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｖｏｔｅｒｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｉｎｃｌｉｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｖｏｔｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｆｅｍａｌｅ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｓａｗ               ｔｈｅｍ               ａｓ               ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ               ｎｅｗ               ｔｏ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ"               (163).

Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ｂｙ               1994               ｔｈｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｏｒａｔｅ               ｗａｓ               ｄｉｓｇｒｕｎｔｌｅｄ               ｐｒｉｍａｒｉｌｙ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｓ,               ｍｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｗｈｏ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               (163).

Ｅｌｅｃｔｏｒａｌ               ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ               ａｌｓｏ               ａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｉｎｇ               ｓｔｙｌｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｆｅｍａｌｅ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ'               ａｓ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄ               ｉｎ,               "Ｇｅｎｄｅｒ,               Ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               Ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               'Ａｉｒ               Ｗａｒｓ'               ",               ｂｙ               Ｌｅｏｎａｒｄ               Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍｓ,               ｉｎ               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅ               Ｏｆｆｉｃｅ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒ               ｍｅｎｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ               ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｚｅ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｅｌｅｃｔｏｒａｌ               ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｉｎ               ｆａｖｏｒ               ｏｆ               "ｆｅｍａｌｅ"               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｔｒａｉｔｓ,               ｂｕｔ               ｏｔｈｅｒｗｉｓｅ               ｄｏｗｎｐｌａｙｅｄ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               (47).

Ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ               ｐｌａｙｓ               ａｎ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｉｎ               ｈｏｗ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎ               ａｎｄ               ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ               ｔｈｅｙ               ａｒｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅ.
               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｉａｎｓ               ｄｏ               ｍａｋｅ               ａ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ               ｉｎ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｂｒｉｎｇ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｐｅｒｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｓｔｙｌｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ａｇｅｎｄａｓ,               ｔｏ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅ.

Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ               ｉｍｐａｃｔ               ｈｏｗ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎ,               ｔｈｅ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ               ｔｈｅｙ               ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｓｔｙｌｅ,               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ               ａｓ               ｈｏｗ               ｔｈｅｙ               ａｐｐｒｏａｃｈ               ｐｏｌｉｃｙ               ｃｒｅａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｅｖｅｎ               ｉｆ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｄｏｎ'ｔ               ｍａｋｅ               ａ               ｑｕａｎｔｉｆｉａｂｌｅ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ,               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ａｆｆｅｃｔｓ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｒｅｇａｒｄｌｅｓｓ.
               Ｉｎ               "Ｔｈｅ               Ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎ               Ｔｒａｉｌ",               ｂｙ               Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ               Ｌｏｇａｎ               Ｆｏｘ,               ｉｎ               Ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               Ｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓ               ｉｎ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｔｈｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｓ               ｈｏｗ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｅｘｈｉｂｉｔ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎ               ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｔｙｌｅｓ               ｔｈａｎ               ｍｅｎ.

Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｒｅ               ｍｏｔｉｖａｔｅｄ               ｂｙ               ａ               ｓｔｒｏｎｇｅｒ               ｓｅｎｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅ,               ａｒｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｖｏｔｅｒｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｌｏｏｋ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｏｗａｒｄ               ｆｅｍａｌｅ               ｖｏｔｅｒｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ               (56).

Ｉｎ               "Ｇｅｎｄｅｒ,               Ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               Ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｉｎｇ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               'Ａｉｒ               Ｗａｒｓ'               ",               ｂｙ               Ｌｅｏｎａｒｄ               Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍｓ,               ｉｎ               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅ               Ｏｆｆｉｃｅ,               ｗｏｍｅｎ'ｓ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ａｒｅ               ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｍｅｎ'ｓ.

Ｗｏｍｅｎ'ｓ               ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｃｏｍｐａｒａｔｉｖｅ,               ｈｉｇｈｌｉｇｈｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ               ｔｒａｉｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｏｐｐｏｎｅｎｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ               ｔｒａｉｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ               (43).

Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ               ｃｒｅａｔｅｄ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｉｎｔｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ｂａｓｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ,               ｉｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ               ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｚｅ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｑｕａｌｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｐｈｉｌｏｓｏｐｈｙ               (44).

Ｍａｌｅ               ａｎｄ               ｆｅｍａｌｅ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｏｂｖｉｏｕｓ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎ               ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ.
               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｌｓｏ               ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｐｏｌｉｃｙ               ｔｈａｎ               ｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ,               ｉｎ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ,               ｈａｖｅ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｉｄｅｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ.

Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ               ａｒｅ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄ               ｉｎ,               "Ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               Ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ               ｉｎ               Ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               Ａｔｔｉｔｕｄｅｓ,               Ｂｅｌｉｅｆｓ,               ａｎｄ               Ｐｏｌｉｃｙ               Ｐｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ",               ｂｙ               Ｍ.

Ｍａｒｇａｒｅｔ               Ｃｏｎｗａｙ,               Ｇｅｒｔｒｕｄｅ               Ａ.

Ｓｔｅｕｅｒｎａｇｅｌ,               ａｎｄ               Ｄａｖｉｄ               Ａｈｅｒｎ,               ｉｎ               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               Ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｓ               ａｓｓｅｒｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｏｍｅｎ,               ｉｎ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ,               ａｒｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｔｏ               ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅ               ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｉｃ               Ｐａｒｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｉｃ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ'               (37).

Ｔｈｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｓ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓ               ｈｏｗ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｒｅ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｉｖｅ               ｏｆ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｗｅｌｆａｒｅ               ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓ,               ｇｕｎ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ,               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｄ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｆｕｎｄｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓ               (36).

Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｒｅ               ａｌｓｏ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ               ｓｐｅｎｄｉｎｇ               ｏｎ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓ               ｌｉｋｅ:               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ａｉｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ,               ａｉｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｏｒ               ａｎｄ               ｈｏｍｅｌｅｓｓ,               ｃｈｉｌｄｃａｒｅ,               ｃｒｉｍｅ               ｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｉｏｎ,               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｓｅｃｕｒｉｔｙ               (38).

Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｒｅ               ｌｅｓｓ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｉｖｅ               ｏｆ               ｆｅｌｏｎｓ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅａｔｈ               ｐｅｎａｌｔｙ,               ｏｆ               ｕｓｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒｃｅ               ｔｏ               ｍａｉｎｔａｉｎ               ｐｅａｃｅ,               ａｎｄ               ａｒｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｉｖｅ               ｏｆ               ｓｅｔｔｌｉｎｇ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｎｅｇｏｔｉａｔｉｏｎ               (39).

Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｒｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｉｖｅ               ｏｆ               ａｆｆｉｒｍａｔｉｖｅ               ａｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅ               ｉｔ               ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｓ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｄｉｓｃｒｉｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ,               ｂｕｔ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｆｅｅｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓ               ａｒｅ               ｎｏｔ               ａｄｅｑｕａｔｅ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｄｏ               ｍｏｒｅ               (43-44).

Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｈａｖｅ               ｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｔｙｐｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｃｏｍｍｏｎｌｙ               ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ.
               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｅｘｈｉｂｉｔ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｓｔｙｌｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｈａｎ               ｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｈａｖｅ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｗａｙｓ               ｏｆ               ｖｉｅｗｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅａｌｉｎｇ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ.

Ｆｏｒ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ,               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｏｒｓ               ｓａｗ               ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ               ａｓ               ｈａｒｄｅｒ               ｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ,               ｗｉｌｌｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｓｐｅｎｄ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｅｎｔｓ,               ａｎｄ               ａｓ               ｓｔｒｏｎｇｅｒ               ｃｏａｌｉｔｉｏｎ               ｂｕｉｌｄｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｅａｍ               ｐｌａｙｅｒｓ               ｔｈａｎ               ｍｅｎ               (ｌｅｃｔｕｒｅ).

Ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｍｏｒｅ,               ｉｎ               "Ａｒｅ               ａｌｌ               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               Ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｕｒｅｓ               Ａｌｉｋｅ"               ｂｙ               Ｋａｔｈｌｅｅｎ               Ｄｏｌａｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｌｙｎｎ               Ｅ.

Ｆｏｒｄ,               ｉｎ               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｉｎ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅ               Ｏｆｆｉｃｅ,               ｔｈｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｓ               ｅｘｐｌａｉｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｌｓｏ               ｎａｔｕｒａｌｌｙ               ｓｐｅｎｄ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｓｓａｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｆｆｅｃｔ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               (76).

Ｗｏｍｅｎ'ｓ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｓｔｙｌｅｓ               ｔｅｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｚｅ               ｃｏｎｓｅｎｓｕｓ               ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               (76).

Ｉｎ,               "Ａｒｅ               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               Ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｏｒｓ               Ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ?",               ｂｙ               Ｊｏｈｎ               Ｍ.

Ｃａｒｅｙ,               Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ               Ｇ.

Ｎｉｅｍｉ,               ａｎｄ               Ｌｙｎｄａ               Ｗ.

Ｐｏｗｅｌｌ,               ｉｎ               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅ               Ｏｆｆｉｃｅ,               ｔｈｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒ               ｅｘｐｌｏｒｅｓ               ｈｏｗ               ｗｏｍｅｎ,               ａｓ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓ,               ｖｉｅｗ               ａｎｄ               ｕｓｅ               ｐｏｗｅｒ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｓ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓ               ｈｏｗ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｏｒｓ               ｔｅｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｆａｖｏｒ               ｃｏｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｃｏｎｆｒｏｎｔａｔｉｏｎ,               ａｎｄ               ｈｏｗ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｔｈｉｎｋ               ｏｆ               ｐｏｗｅｒ               ｉｎ               ｔｅｒｍｓ               ｏｆ               ｅｍｐｏｗｅｒｉｎｇ               ｏｔｈｅｒｓ,               ｒａｔｈｅｒ               ｔｈａｎ               ｈａｖｉｎｇ               ｐｏｗｅｒ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｓｏｍｅｏｎｅ               (90).

Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｍｅｎｔｉｏｎｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ               ｔｈａｔ,               ｗｉｔｈ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ,               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               "...ｓｐｕｒ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｕｒｅｓ               ｔｏｗａｒｄ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｂａｒｇａｉｎｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ａｃｃｏｍｍｏｄａｔｉｏｎ"               (90).

Ｔｈｅ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｓｔｙｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｉｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄ               ｉｎ               "Ｔｈｅ               Ｆｅｍｉｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｌｅａｄｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｉｎ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               Ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｕｒｅｓ",               ｂｙ               Ｍａｒｃｉａ               Ｌｙｎｎ               Ｗｈｉｃｋｅｒ               ａｎｄ               Ｍａｌｃｏｌｍ               Ｊｅｗｅｌｌ,               ｉｎ               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅ               Ｏｆｆｉｃｅ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ               ａｌｓｏ               ｍｅｎｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｒｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｃｒｅａｔｉｎｇ               ａ               ｃｏｏｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅ,               ｃｏｎｓｅｎｓｕｓ-ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇ,               ｐｅａｃｅｆｕｌ               ｗｏｒｋｐｌａｃｅ               (171).

Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｒｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｃｉｔｅ               ｄｅｄｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｔａｓｋ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｉｍａｒｙ               ｒｅａｓｏｎ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｉｎ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｒｏｌｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ａｌｓｏ               ａｓ               ａ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｓｔｙｌｅ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙ               ａｓ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ               ｃｈａｉｒｓ               (174-6).

Ｆｅｍａｌｅｓ               ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｚｅ               ｔａｓｋ-ｏｒｉｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｔｅｒｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｓｋｉｌｌｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｓｔｙｌｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｙ               ａｒｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅ               ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ               ａｓ               ａｓｓｅｒｔｉｖｅ,               ｍａｎａｇｅｒｉａｌ,               ｈｏｎｅｓｔ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｅａｍ               ｏｒｉｅｎｔｅｄ               (183).

Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ               ｅｘｐｒｅｓｓ               ａ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｓｔｙｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ.
               Ｉｎ,               "Ｉｎ               ａ               Ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               Ｖｏｉｃｅ:               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｏｌｉｃｙ               Ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ",               ｂｙ               Ｌｙｎ               Ｋａｔｈｌｅｎｅ,               ｉｎ               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅ               Ｏｆｆｉｃｅ,               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｖｉｅｗ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｈｏｌｄ,               ａｎｄ               ｈｏｗ               ｉｔ               ａｆｆｅｃｔｓ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｐｏｌｉｃｙ               ｃｒｅａｔｉｏｎ,               ｉｓ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒ               ｓａｙｓ               ｔｈａｔ,               ｉｎ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ,               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｒｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ａｐｔ               ｔｏ               ｖｉｅｗ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｎｅｅｄｓ               ａｓ               ｉｎｔｅｒｒｅｌａｔｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｙ               ａｐｐｒｏａｃｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ａ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔｕａｌ               ｖｉｅｗｐｏｉｎｔ               ｔｈａｎ               ｍｅｎ               (190).

Ｆｏｒ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ,               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｖｉｅｗ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌｓ               ａｓ               ｒｅａｃｔｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ               ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ               ｏｆ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔａｌ               ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｔａｋｅ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｏｎｇ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｒｅａｔｅｓ               ａ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌ               (194).

Ａｌｓｏ,               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｃｒｅａｔｅ               ｐｏｌｉｃｉｅｓ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｌｙ               ｔｈａｎ               ｍｅｎ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｔａｋｅ               ｉｎｔｏ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔ               ａ               ｂｒｏａｄｅｒ               ｒａｎｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｍａｋｉｎｇ               ｐｏｌｉｃｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｉｌｌ               ａｌｓｏ               ｗｏｒｄ               ｐｏｌｉｃｉｅｓ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｌｙ               ｔｈａｎ               ｍｅｎ               (191-192).

Ｉｎ,               "Ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｉｎｇ               Ｗｏｍｅｎ'ｓ               Ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               Ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｖｅｓ",               ｂｙ               Ｄｅｂｒａ               Ｌ.

Ｄｏｄｓｏｎ,               ｉｎ               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅ               Ｏｆｆｉｃｅ,               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅｓ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｄ               ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ               ｔｏ               ｓｔｉｐｕｌａｔｅ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｈｅａｌｔｈ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｄｓ,               "ｃｅｒｖｉｃａｌ",               "ｏｖａｒｉａｎ",               ａｎｄ               "ｂｒｅａｓｔ"               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｐｏｌｉｃｉｅｓ               (139).

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ               ｗａｓ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ,               "...ｉｔ               ｍｅａｎｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｇｅｎｃｉｅｓ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｈｅｌｄ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔａｂｌｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｘｔ               ａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｃｙｃｌｅ               ｆｏｒ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｍｅｄｉｃａｌ               ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｓ"               (139).

Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｃｌｅａｒｌｙ               ｈａｖｅ               ａ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ａｐｐｒｏａｃｈ               ｔｏ               ｃｒｅａｔｉｎｇ               ｐｏｌｉｃｉｅｓ               ｔｈａｎ               ｍｅｎ.
               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｃｒｅａｔｅ               ａｎｄ               ｅｎｆｏｒｃｅ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ａｇｅｎｄａｓ               ｔｈａｎ               ｍｅｎ.

Ａｎ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ               ｉｓ               ｉｎ               "Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｌｅｖｅｌ:               Ａｎ               Ｕｐｄａｔｅ               ｏｎ               Ｒｏｌｌ-Ｃａｌｌ               Ｖｏｔｉｎｇ               Ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ",               ｂｙ               Ｊａｎｅｔ               Ｃｌａｒｋ               ｉｎ,               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅ               Ｏｆｆｉｃｅ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｔｅｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｐｌａｃｅ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｄｅａｌｉｎｇ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｏｐ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ａｇｅｎｄａ               (118).

Ｉｎ,               "Ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｉｎｇ               Ｗｏｍｅｎ'ｓ               Ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               Ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｖｅｓ",               ｂｙ               Ｄｅｂｒａ               Ｌ.

Ｄｏｄｓｏｎ,               ｉｎ               Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅ               Ｏｆｆｉｃｅ,               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｆｅｌｔ               ａ               ｄｕｔｙ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ               ｗｏｍｅｎ'ｓ               ｓｐｅｃｉａｌ               ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｓ,               ｍｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｗｏｍｅｎ'ｓ               ｒｏｌｅ               ａｓ               ｃａｒｅｇｉｖｅｒ               (131).

Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｌｓｏ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｔａｒｇｅｔ               ｗｏｍｅｎ'ｓ               ｈｅａｌｔｈ               ａｓ               ａｎ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｉｓｓｕｅ               (134).

Ａｎｄ,               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｂｅｃｏｍｅ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ               ｔｏｏ,               ｆｏｒ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ,               ａ               ｂｒｅａｓｔ               ｃａｎｃｅｒ               ｓｕｒｖｉｖｏｒ               ｗａｓ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｍａｋｅ               ｂｒｅａｓｔ               ｃａｎｃｅｒ               ａｎ               ｉｓｓｕｅ               (131).

Ｏｆｔｅｎｔｉｍｅｓ,               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｒａｉｓｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｗｏｍｅｎ'ｓ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｓｕｂｔｌｅ               ｗａｙｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｓｉｍｐｌｙ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｇｅｎｄａ               ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｌｅｎｇｔｈｙ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ               ｏｆ               ｔｉｍｅ               (138).

Ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｓｕｂｔｌｅ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｉｓ               ｓｉｍｐｌｙ               ｐｕｔｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ               ｏｎ               ｇｅｔｔｉｎｇ               ａ               ｂｉｌｌ               ｍｏｖｉｎｇ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｖｅ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               (145-146).

Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｈａｖｅ               ｐｌａｙｅｄ               ａｎ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｉｎ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｉｎｇ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ,               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ,               ｍａｙ               ｈａｖｅ               ｅｎｄｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｄｅｆｅａｔ               (143).

Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ               ａｒｅ,               ｂｉｌｌｓ               ｒｅｇａｒｄｉｎｇ               ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               Ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｅｓ               Ｈｅａｌｔｈ               Ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔ               Ｐｒｏｇｒａｍ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ               ｏｆ               Ｃｌｉｎｉｃ               Ａｃｃｅｓｓ               ｂｉｌｌ               (143).

Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｌｙ               ｈａｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｗｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｖｅ               ａｇｅｎｄａ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｌｙ               ｔｈａｎ               ｍｅｎ.
               Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ａｆｆｅｃｔｓ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ               ｏｆ               ｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ               ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌｓ               ｉｎ               ｍａｎｙ               ａｒｅａｓ               ｏｆ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ.

Ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｍａｋｅｓ               ａ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               ｉｍｐａｃｔ               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｓｏｃｉａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ,               ａｎｄ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｂｉａｓ.

Ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ               ａｒｅ               ａｌｓｏ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｖｏｔｅｒ               ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｇｉｖｅｎ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｙｅａｒ.

Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｂｒｉｎｇ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｐｅｒｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ,               ｓｔｙｌｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ａｇｅｎｄａｓ,               ｔｏ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ,               ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｍａｋｅ               ａ               ｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ               ｉｎ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅ.
               Ｂｉｂｌｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ
               Ａｈｅｒｎ,               Ｄａｖｉｄ               Ｗ.,               Ｍ.

Ｍａｒｇａｒｅｔ               Ｃｏｎｗａｙ               ａｎｄ               Ｇｅｒｔｒｕｄｅ               Ａ.

Ｓｔｅｕｅｒｎａｇｅｌ.

Ｗｏｍｅｎ               &
               Ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               Ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ:               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ               Ｑｕａｒｔｅｒｌｙ               Ｉｎｃ.,               1997.
               Ｆｏｘ,               Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ               Ｌｏｇａｎ.

Ｇｅｎｄｅｒ               Ｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓ               ｉｎ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ.

Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ:
               Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               Ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ               Ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ,               1995.
               Ｔｈｏｍａｓ,               Ｓｕｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｃｌｙｄｅ               Ｗｉｌｃｏｘ,               ｅｄ.

Ｗｏｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅ               Ｏｆｆｉｃｅ.

Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ:
               Ｏｘｆｏｒｄ               Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               Ｐｒｅｓｓ,               1998.

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...small, end of the road, village on the edge of the Juschanlee stream that has two things going for it – a school leadership team which is committed...
lindaandben.blogspot.com/ 10/15/2007
...small, end of the road, village on the edge of the Juschanlee stream that has two things going for it – a school leadership team which is committed...
The Importance of School Leadership in Transformation
astewden.wordpress.com/ 03/31/2012
...what is the role of the school leader in enahancing the...innovative and immense impact on the lives of individual students... of high school. Share this: Twitter Facebook...
The Bad to the Bone School of Shamanic Leadership
travelwithspirit.blogspot.com/ 04/07/2007
... today that Masauke´s training should be called the Bad to the Bone Shamanic School of Leadership Training. Bad to the Bone is a term that Masauke often uses...

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Lessons of the 1937 Texas School ExplosionbyEllie

http://lessonsofthe1937texasschoolexplosion.blogspot.com/

*Tell the story of the 1937 Texas School Explosion and bring its lessons to your school. * Promote leadership and partnerships for safety. *

Educational Leadership in the United States of AmericabyCharles Maranzano, Jr.

http://virginiaeducationalleadership.blogspot.com/

...Development, American Association of School Administrators, and National Association of Secondary School Principals are all committed to the Whole Child and educating students for a place in the emerging...

The Ensworth School – Andes Education Program 2008byWorld Leadership School 2008

http://ensworth-andes.blogspot.com/

The Ensworth School is helping fund and build a guinea pig farm at the high school in Chilka, amidst the snow-covered mountains of Peru’s Sacred Valley. U.S. and Peruvian students will build the farm and understand...

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