2013년 11월 27일 수요일

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This               story               originally               ran               in               1997--and               the               juvenile               justice               system               is               just               as               screwed               up               today               as               it               was               then.

DAVE               WASHINGTON               looks               like               a               clean-cut,               normal,               bright               kid.

It               probably               has               something               to               do               with               living               and               going               to               school               in               Los               Gatos,               one               of               the               priciest               suburbs               of               the               San               Francisco               Bay               Area.
               I               wouldn't               have               guessed               that               Dave               (not               his               real               name)               had               done               time               in               the               joint,               but               he               and               a               buddy               got               on               the               Internet               a               year               and               a               half               ago               and               discovered               a               recipe               to               make               pipe               bombs.

They               made               two               bombs,               working               in               a               garage               and               a               back               yard,               and               blew               up               a               couple               of               mailboxes               (one               came               right               off               the               post,               man).
               It               was               adventuresome               for               a               couple               of               brainy               A-students,               15               and               16               years               old,               and               after               they               blew               up               the               mailboxes,               they               decided               to               forget               about               the               bomb-making               business.
               When               Los               Gatos               police               arrested               the               pair               on               a               tip               about               seven               months               later,               it               didn't               take               an               honors               graduate               to               figure               out               they               were               in               a               lot               of               trouble.

Detonating               bombs               is               a               felony.

But               what               happened               next               shocked               both               of               the               teens               and               their               parents.
               Dave               and               his               pal               were               locked               up               in               the               Santa               Clara               County               Juvenile               Hall               for               nine               days               before               they               saw               a               judge.

Despite               persistent               efforts,               their               parents               were               unable               to               bail               them               out.
               When               Dave               and               his               friend               walked               into               court,               his               mother               recalls,               the               first               thing               the               judge               told               Mrs.

Washington               was               that               he               didn't               intend               to               let               her               son               go               for               a               long               time.

That               was               before               hearing               Dave's               case.

And               there               was               no               jury,               either.
               As               agitating               as               this               process               is               to               many               parents,               Dave's               case               was               run               by               the               book.
               Thousands               of               kids               pass               through               the               juvenile               court               each               year,               and               most               of               the               first-time-in-court               parents               are               shocked               or               angered               to               learn               that               kids               don't               have               the               rights               guaranteed               to               adults               just               down               the               block               at               the               superior               court:               juveniles               aren't               entitled               to               bail               if               juvenile               hall               decides               to               keep               them               locked               up,               and               they               don't               get               a               jury               trial.

Some               parents               complain               of               being               pushed               out               of               the               picture               when               it               comes               to               disciplining               their               own               kids.
               Dave               had               a               stroke               of               luck               that               day               in               court.

A               Los               Gatos               police               officer               showed               up               to               ask               for               leniency,               saying               it               was               a               request               the               department               had               never               before               made               to               the               juvenile               court.

Likewise,               the               district               attorney's               office               asked               for               light               sentences,               calling               the               pipe-bomb               incident               a               boyish               prank.

In               the               end,               the               judge               let               both               defendants               off               with               the               nine               days               they'd               served               plus               200               hours               each               of               community               service,               which               took               Dave               10               months.
               The               fact               that               he               got               off               so               easy               is               what               makes               Dave's               case               unusual.

Most               of               the               kids               who               appear               in               juvenile               court               don't               get               a               clemency               plea               from               the               police.

They're               left               to               a               system               that               takes               away               their               rights,               in               the               name               of               protecting               children,               and               then               frequently               slams               them               with               adult-sized               punishment               in               the               name               of               cracking               down               on               juvenile               offenders.
               Jail               By               Any               Other               Name
               MY               CRIME-AND-PUNISHMENT               education               begins               when               I               meet               Shirley               Cantu,               superintendent               of               Santa               Clara               County's               juvenile               hall.

This               is               the               first               place               kids               go               after               the               cops               pick               them               up,               and               the               kids               stay               here               until               they               go               to               court.

This               is               where               some               of               them               serve               their               sentences.
               At               any               other               place,               Cantu               might               appear               motherly.

She               wears               a               denim               jumper               over               a               white               blouse,               her               steel-grayish               hair               cut               in               a               short,               almost               businesslike               bob.

But               there's               a               certain               hardness               to               her               appearance               today               that               may               emanate               from               the               cinderblock               walls               all               around               us               or               might               come               from               the               tremendous               ring               of               keys               she               thumps               down               on               a               table               as               we               begin               to               talk.
               During               our               brief               interview,               Cantu               explains               that               her               title               is               part               of               the               outdated               verbiage               reformers               invented               when               they               tried               to               separate               juvenile               hall               from               prison.

At               the               turn               of               the               century,               when               the               idea               was               to               heal               wayward               kids,               it               probably               didn't               seem               right               to               use               the               word               "warden,"               which               is               sometimes               mistakenly               applied               to               Superintendent               Cantu.
               Euphemistically,               minors               get               "adjudication"               rather               than               a               trial;               they               get               a               "disposition"               rather               than               a               sentence;               the               burly               overseers               at               juvenile               hall               are               "counselors,"               although               the               word               "guard"               better               describes               what               they               do.

These               reform-era               words               fall               with               Orwellian               irony               on               the               ears               of               outsiders,               who               believe               that               they               are               clearly               seeing               a               jail,               complete               with               guards,               young               prisoners               and               steel               screens               over               the               windows.
               After               a               while,               I               realize               that               it's               not               Cantu's               job               to               save               the               kids:               She               has               too               many               other               things               to               do.

Cantu               has               to               shuffle               more               than               6,000               inmates               a               year,               329               at               a               time,               through               this               1950s-era               facility               that,               by               today's               standards,               should               have               half               as               many               kids.

She               also               has               to               meet               the               state's               rigid               requirements               for               conditions               inside               the               hall:               two               hours               of               schoolwork               (inmates               don't               have               to               attend               unless               they               want               to,               but               the               classes               must               be               available),               and               recreational               periods               that               end               precisely               on               the               one-hour               mark               set               by               state               guidelines.
               Cantu               must               see               to               it               that               juvenile               hall               follows               state               recipes               for               everything               from               medical               care               to               the               food               served               in               the               cafeteria,               to               the               number               of               inmates               locked               in               each               cell.

The               hall               must               tend               not               only               to               inmates'               mental               health               but               also               to               their               dental               health.
               The               outdated               facility               sometimes               requires               juvenile               hall               officials               to               bend               the               rules               by               cramming               three               inmates               into               a               single               cell               with               only               two               beds.

That's               why               an               expansion               project               is               Cantu's               biggest               concern               right               now.

A               new               wing               is               supposed               to               be               completed               in               April               1998;               a               second               expansion               hasn't               yet               been               funded               by               county               supervisors               and               is               not               expected               to               be               completed               until               after               2000.
               When               the               project               is               done,               the               kids               locked               up               here               will               spend               their               days               in               cells               as               big               as               the               state               says               cells               ought               to               be.
               Shoe               Fits
               AFTER               EXPLAINING               these               matters,               Cantu               leads               a               couple               of               reporters               and               a               photographer               on               a               tour               of               the               hall.

First,               we               pass               inmates               in               the               corridor,               escorted               by               hefty               "counselors."               The               kids,               dressed               in               hall-issued               sweatshirts               and               what               look               like               pajama               bottoms,               have               to               walk               with               their               hands               clasped               behind               their               backs               when               not               in               their               cells,               as               if               handcuffed.

Whenever               we               pass               inmates,               their               guards               make               them               step               aside               and               stand               back-to-the-wall               until               we               pass.

They're               not               allowed               to               talk               when               out               of               their               cells,               so               we               don't               try               to               speak               to               them.
               Next,               Cantu               leads               us               deeper               into               the               prison,               through               a               booking               area,               visitation               rooms               and               a               clinic--all               of               which               have               the               institutional               feel               of               a               high               school               or               a               police               station--before               finally               letting               us               see               where               the               kids               are               locked               up.
               In               a               boys'               "dorm"               area,               30               kids               lounge               on               bunks               in               an               auditoriumlike               low-security               unit.

This               is               where               they               spend               most               of               every               day,               except               for               their               schoolwork               in               a               room               next-door               and               one               hour               of               exercise               outdoors               or               in               the               gym.

Most               of               these               kids               are               in               for               nonviolent               offenses               such               as               theft,               or               for               messing               up               on               their               probation.
               Further               along,               Cantu               offers               a               peek               into               a               high-security               cell               block               for               male               inmates.

This               is               basically               a               hall               lined               with               the               wooden               doors               to               25               cells.

Most               of               them               contain               a               bunk               bed,               one               or               two               inmates               and               a               tiny               wall               locker               for               their               possessions.

Nothing               more.
               "Well,               this               was               the               state               of               the               art               in               1959,"               Cantu               says               wryly.
               The               inmates'               shoes               line               the               corridor,               two               pairs               beside               almost               every               door.

Shoes               aren't               allowed               in               the               cells               because               someone               might               decide               to               hang               himself               with               shoelaces,               Cantu               explains.
               I               look               through               the               small               windowpane               in               each               of               22               doors               at               the               inmates;               most               lie               on               their               thin               mattresses               or               peer               back               at               us.

These               cells               are               reserved               for               boys               accused               of               violent               crimes               or               serious               felony               offenses:               rape,               murder,               robbery               and               others.
               But               as               I               look               over               the               kids,               I               think               that               if               this               cell               block               were               emptied               onto               any               high               school               campus               in               the               county,               the               laid-back               and               carefully               combed               inmates               would               blend               right               in               to               the               crowd,               except               for               the               one               or               two               with               large               and               visible               gangster-type               tattoos.
               Inside               One               Cell
               KYLE               HELFRICH               SPENT               three               months               in               one               of               those               cells,               on               a               charge               he               says               was               blown               out               of               proportion.

He               and               his               mom,               Robin               Helfrich,               got               a               lesson               in               the               idiosyncrasies               of               the               juvenile               justice               system,               and               they               didn't               get               lucky               like               the               Washington               family.
               Kyle's               out               now.

Wearing               his               own               clothes--khaki               denim               shorts               and               a               gray               T-shirt--he's               traded               the               cinderblock               walls               of               his               cell               for               a               Los               Gatos               living               room,               one               with               thick               camel-colored               rugs               over               the               hardwood               floor.
               Kyle               is               articulate               and               rather               serious               for               a               19-year-old;               he               runs               a               hand               over               his               buzz-cut               or               his               dark               goatee               as               he               contemplates               an               answer               to               each               of               my               questions.
               Just               before               his               18th               birthday,               Kyle               was               arrested               and               charged               with               assaulting               a               police               officer               with               a               deadly               weapon,               after               striking               Los               Gatos               Officer               Matt               Frisby               with               his               car.

He               says               the               charge               arose               out               of               confusion               surrounding               the               incident               and               an               incorrect               police               report:               Kyle               didn't               see               the               officer,               he               says,               and               the               police               report               was               incorrect               to               say               the               incident               happened               right               under               a               streetlight               because               what               was               there               was               actually               a               telephone               pole.

The               officer               suffered               a               knee               injury               when               he               landed               but               managed               to               arrest               Kyle,               who               had               stopped               the               car               to               get               out               and               see               if               the               officer               was               OK.
               Police               disputed               his               story               and               asked               that               he               be               tried               as               an               adult.

Because               his               original               arrest               was               for               assault               on               an               officer,               Kyle               was               placed               in               the               high-risk               wing.

Eventually,               Kyle               was               tried               as               a               minor               and               found               guilty               on               the               lesser               charge               of               reckless               evasion,               he               says.
               Once               locked               in               the               high-risk               wing               of               juvenile               hall               along               with               rapists               and               murderers,               however,               Kyle               was               kept               there,               even               after               his               sentencing.
               Like               other               inmates,               Kyle               describes               life               in               juvenile               hall               as               extremely               regimented               and               trying.

Inmates               take               their               showers,               use               the               bathroom,               eat,               even               brush               their               teeth               at               prescribed               times.

The               "counselors"               didn't               speak               to               Kyle               unless               he               talked               or               failed               to               look               straight               ahead               while               in               line.
               "You               leave               your               room               maybe               two               hours               a               day,"               Kyle               said.

"You               don't               even               get               to               leave               to               eat.

They               just               open               the               door               and               give               you               your               food."
               His               mom               had               to               learn               the               routine,               too;               once               she               visited               during               tooth-brushing               time,               and               Kyle               didn't               get               to               brush               his               teeth               that               day.
               Robin               Helfrich               wasn't               pleased               to               see               her               son               bunking               with               inmates               who               had               committed               serious               felonies.

Nevertheless,               Kyle               became               acquainted               with               accused               rapists               and               murderers               at               juvenile               hall               and               with               a               bunkmate               who               had               stabbed               his               own               sister.
               "It               was               an               accident,               from               what               he               told               me,"               Kyle               says,               relating               the               incident               with               a               perfectly               straight               face.
               'It               Was               Awful'
               WITH               SO               MANY               ANGRY               young               men               locked               up               together,               tempers               occasionally               explode--and               they're               not               always               the               inmates'.
               Occasionally               fights               break               out               among               inmates,               and               platoons               of               guards               flood               the               cell               block.

Anyone               seen               swinging               fists               is               dropped               to               the               floor               with               his               arm               pinned               between               his               shoulder               blades.
               But               there               are               other               times               when               the               restraining               technique               is               employed               to               keep               the               kids               respectful,               according               to               Kyle               and               one               other               inmate.
               "I               saw               this               one               guy               that               was               mouthing               off               to               a               guard,"               Kyle               said.

"They               'restrained'               him--forced               him               on               the               ground               by               twisting               his               arm               behind               his               back.

The               guy               that               it               happened               to               was,               like,               crying               and               stuff."
               Any               type               of               excitement               was               rare,               however,               Kyle               said.

Inmates               get               used               to               spending               time               lounging               on               their               bunks               or               looking               at               the               world               outside               the               steel-meshed               windows.
               In               fact,               the               Helfriches               learned               quickly               that               this               is               the               biggest               way               juvenile               hall               breaks               inmates               down.

Sitting               in               their               cells               all               day,               the               kids               are               cut               off               from               their               families               and               friends:               Only               parents               are               allowed               to               visit               and               only               for               30               minutes               a               day.

A               visit               from               Kyle's               friends,               his               brother               or               his               girlfriend               would               have               been               impossible.
               Kyle               lost               25               pounds               while               imprisoned.

For               his               first               week               in               the               hall,               he               was               under               a               suicide               watch.

Kyle               says               his               mom               got               him               through               the               week,               making               appointments               to               visit               just               about               every               day               he               was               locked               up.
               "She               said,               'You               have               to               get               through               it.

You               have               to               stay               strong,               and               everything               will               be               fine,               eventually,'               "               Kyle               recalls.
               At               the               time,               Robin               Helfrich               felt               rather               helpless               herself.
               At               first               she               wanted               to               bail               her               son               out               or               get               him               more               visitation               privileges,               but               she               learned               there               was               little               she               could               do               except               set               aside               30               minutes               a               day               to               visit               her               son,               she               says.
               "I               didn't               know               that               he               would               make               it               in               the               beginning,"               Robin               Helfrich               admits.

"It's               kind               of               a               fearful               thing               because               you               have               no               control."
               Kyle               got               through               juvenile               hall               all               right,               but               he               calls               it               a               waste               of               time.
               "I               don't               think               it               helped               me;               It's               supposed               to               correct               you,               but               it               just               made               me               an               angry               person,"               he               says.

"It               was               awful.

...

It's               the               worst               thing               to               lose               your               freedom."
               Mission               Erasable
               TWO               SCHOOLS               OF               THOUGHT               persist               in               the               juvenile               justice               debate:               The               "classical               school"               believes               in               remedying               misbehavior               with               punishment.

The               more               radical               the               misbehavior,               the               stronger               the               punishment.
               The               "positive               school,"               as               justice               reformers               of               yore               came               to               be               known,               opposes               prison               time               and               seeks               to               help               troubled               kids               before               they               commit               crimes.
               The               American               idea               of               a               juvenile               justice               system               surfaced               in               the               late               1800s.

Juvenile               courts               formed               just               before               the               turn               of               the               century,               when               the               country               was               full               of               well-meaning               reformers.

Somewhere               between               dismantling               political               machines               and               banishing               demon               alcohol,               reformers               got               the               idea               that               lawbreaking               kids               should               be               treated               differently               from               adult               criminals.

They               put               their               faith               in               newly               emerging               social               science               and               psychology               and               resolved               to               offer               guidance               rather               than               punishment.

States               established               separate               systems               to               diagnose               young               offenders               and               prescribe               treatment.
               Today,               less               than               a               century               later,               it's               hard               to               find               any               difference               between               the               juvenile               and               adult               justice               systems,               except               that               the               kids               have               fewer               rights.

Somewhere               along               the               way,               politicians               figured               out               that               it's               popular               to               punish               criminals,               even               if               the               criminals               are               kids.
               During               the               past               20               years,               legislatures               around               the               country               have               eroded               the               discretion               of               juvenile               court               judges,               mandated               tougher               juvenile               punishments               and               lowered               the               age               at               which               children               may               be               tried               as               adults.

California               eventually               scrapped               the               rehabilitative               programs               that               were               the               core               of               juvenile               justice               here               and               the               envy               of               other               states               during               the               1960s               and               '70s.
               Juvenile               courts               lacked               bail               and               juries               from               the               beginning,               but               those               were               set               aside               as               unneeded--the               plan               was               to               throw               out               the               trial-court               model               and               get               everyone               involved               to               sit               down               and               decide               what               was               best               for               the               child.
               Along               the               way,               the               "classical               school"               thinkers               have               tweaked               and               adjusted               the               states'               juvenile               justice               systems               into               prisons               for               pint-sized               offenders.

Although               the               rehabilitative               organs               are               in               place,               programs               are               too               small               and               underfunded               to               serve               more               than               a               tiny               percentage               of               the               inmates               flowing               through               state               and               county               facilities.

About               10               percent               of               inmates               receive               rehabilitation               statewide.

And               Santa               Clara               County's               juvenile               hall               is               no               exception               to               the               rule.
               Nobody               receives               rehabilitation               at               juvenile               hall               because               these               programs               exist               at               long-term               lockups,               such               as               county               ranches               and               California               Youth               Authority               facilities.
               The               last               decade               or               so               has               been               the               worst               according               to               followers               of               the               positive               school,               after               the               Supreme               Court               handed               down               a               decision               saying               that               punishment               is               a               perfectly               acceptable               form               of               rehabilitation,               says               Bridgett               Jones,               supervisor               of               the               Santa               Clara               County               public               defender's               juvenile               unit.

That               decision               resulted               in               a               proliferation               of               incarcerations,               while               rehabilitative               programs               faced               yet               another               round               of               cutbacks.
               Jones               says               the               resulting               patchwork               juvenile               justice               system               leaves               parents               feeling               angry               and               abused.
               "There               is               a               real               feeling               of               unfairness,"               Jones               says.

"The               parents               and               caretakers               are               shoved               to               one               side.

They               have               no               rights.

Somebody               makes               a               decision,               and               that's               usually               based               on               some               probation               report.

It               feels               like               they're               going               through               an               assembly               line               every               step               of               the               way.

I               can               see               why               they               feel               like               they               have               no               power."
               Prose               and               Cons
               DESPITE               THE               OUTRAGE               of               parents               and               devoted               professionals               like               Jones,               the               loudest               shouting               about               juvenile               justice               reforms               is               still               being               done               by               people               who               want               harsher               punishments               and               fewer               rights               for               young               offenders.
               Lawmakers               writing               bills               in               the               state               and               federal               capitals               argue               both               sides               of               the               classical               vs.

positive               debate.

Of               course,               none               of               the               pro-rehabilitation               bills               offers               concessions               to               the               pro-punishment               camp               and               vice               versa.
               Republicans               in               Washington,               D.C.,               want               to               try               14-year-olds               as               adults.

Their               counterparts               in               the               California               Assembly               are               working               on               bills               that               would               expand               juvenile               courts               to               handle               more               cases               and               impose               a               daytime               curfew               for               minors.

Gov.

Pete               Wilson               proposed               a               bill               in               April               that               would               require               adult               trials               for               youthful               murderers               and               sex               offenders;               the               bill               died               in               the               Assembly               after               he               insisted               that               execution               should               remain               an               option               for               14-year-olds.
               Congresswoman               Zoe               Lofgren               (San               Jose)               has               been               fighting               on               the               House               floor               to               establish               federal               grants               for               programs               that               prevent               juvenile               crime.
               "Harsh               punishment               is               less               effective               than               rehabilitation               and               intervention,"               Lofgren               says               over               the               phone.

But               few               Republicans               on               Capitol               Hill               want               to               listen               to               Lofgren's               proposal.
               "I               can't               even               get               a               hearing               for               my               bill,"               Lofgren               said.

"They're               going               in               the               exact               opposite               direction,               which               is               to               throw               more               juveniles               into               adult               facilities               with               adults,               which               probably               has               terrible               outcomes."
               Lofgren               hopes               President               Clinton               will               take               up               a               position               similar               to               hers               and               lean               on               Republicans               to               go               the               route               of               rehabilitation               rather               than               punishment.

Clinton's               only               move               so               far               has               been               to               criticize               Republican               efforts               for               being               "soft               on               guns."
               Kumli's               Cure
               KURT               KUMLI,               the               supervisor               of               Santa               Clara               County's               juvenile               prosecution               unit,               meets               me               in               the               western               lobby               of               juvenile               hall,               near               the               courtrooms.
               He               looks               like               a               lawyer,               with               his               dark               hair               slicked               neatly               back               and               his               medium-sized               frame               draped               in               a               navy               blue               suit               and               floral               tie.

He               strides               confidently               across               the               lobby               to               shake               my               hand               and               leads               me               to               his               corner               office               in               the               juvenile               prosecution               unit,               a               bare-walled               room               furnished               with               four               mismatched               chairs               and               a               wooden               desk.
               Kumli               has               worked               Santa               Clara               County               juvenile               cases               for               eight               years,               long               enough               to               become               more               than               a               little               frustrated               with               the               system.
               Kumli's               critique               is               this:               the               county               ought               to               be               rehabilitating               more               kids               and               locking               up               fewer               of               them.

The               system               has               all               the               tools               it               needs               to               handle               its               job               right               now,               despite               frantic               political               maneuvering               in               the               state               and               federal               capitals,               he               adds.
               The               biggest               problem               with               the               juvenile               justice               system,               Kumli               explains,               is               that               it's               "offense-driven,"               meaning               a               kid's               experience               at               juvenile               hall               is               determined               by               what               he               or               she               did--not               by               the               kind               of               rehabilitation               needed.
               Kids               most               likely               to               commit               repeat               offenses               or               who               have               substance               abuse               problems               ought               to               be               incarcerated,               Kumli               says,               so               the               state               can               help               them.

Those               kids               need               rehabilitation               programs               offered               on               the               inside,               and               the               county               needs               to               keep               them               off               the               street               for               a               while               as               a               matter               of               public               safety,               he               says.

But               none               of               that               is               happening.
               Instead               of               steering               the               most               needful               juveniles               into               incarceration               and               rehabilitation,               juvenile               officials               in               Santa               Clara               County               lock               up               only               the               kids               accused               of               serious               offenses,               as               state               law               requires.

But               often,               Kumli               says,               a               careful               look               at               a               case               shows               that               it               would               be               better               to               not               lock               up               the               offender               because               circumstances               surrounding               the               offense               prove               that               the               kid               involved               is               not               a               hard-core               criminal.
               And               just               as               often,               Kumli               says,               the               kids               released               after               supposedly               minor               offenses,               such               as               car               theft               or               another               misdemeanor,               are               recognized               by               juvenile               hall               officials               as               the               kids               most               likely               to               come               back               to               the               hall               again               and               again               until               the               state               finds               a               reason               not               to               let               them               out.
               "You               have               a               recipe               for               delinquency,"               Kumli               explains,               adding               that               some               of               the               ingredients               are               a               drug-dependent               parent,               gang               affiliation               and               a               lack               of               supervision.
               Often               those               kids               get               to               go               home               because               the               rules               say               they               can't               be               kept               unless               they're               accused               of               a               serious               crime.
               No               Vacancy
               THE               OTHER               PROBLEM               with               the               system               is               the               shortage               of               beds,               Kumli               says.

The               three               county               ranches               are               so               intent               on               getting               kids               through               to               make               room               for               the               next               bunch               that               most               of               the               inmates               never               get               into               rehabilitative               programs.

A               minor               who               commits               a               crime               because               of               a               drug               addiction               can               serve               60               or               so               days               at               a               ranch               and               still               be               on               the               waiting               list               for               drug               counseling               when               released,               he               says.

About               10               percent               of               the               inmates               incarcerated               in               California               get               into               rehabilitative               programs.
               "Locking               them               up               is               only               effective               if               you               do               something               for               those               kids               while               you               lock               them               up,"               Kumli               said.

"A               lot               of               times,               when               we               send               kids               to               CYA               [California               Youth               Authority]               for               the               great               programs,               we're               lying               to               ourselves               because               of               the               chances               of               getting               kids               into               the               programs."
               Kumli               said               he'd               like               to               see               rehabilitation               programs               improved               and               expanded               and               to               see               more               resources               for               probation               departments,               which               monitor               inmates               after               release               and               make               sure               they               stay               on               the               straight               and               narrow.
               Kumli               additionally               would               like               to               see               the               entire               system               become               more               open               to               the               public.

He               compares               the               secrecy               of               the               juvenile               justice               system               to               the               College               of               Cardinals:               No               one               knows               how               it               works,               but               you               can               find               out               the               results               if               you               wait               outside               to               see               if               the               puff               of               smoke               is               white               or               black.
               Legislators               need               to               realize               that               reforming               the               juvenile               justice               system               is               not               a               battle               of               punishment               vs.

rehabilitation,               Kumli               says.

He's               irked               by               the               ongoing               rivalry               between               the               punishers               and               the               rehabilitators.
               "I               don't               see               incarceration               and               programs               as               being               mutually               exclusive,"               he               says.
               For               some               kids,               rehabilitation               in               a               locked               facility               is               best,               Kumli               says,               comparing               juvenile               rehabilitation               to               drug-abuse               treatment:               some               can               be               cured               in               an               outpatient               program,               and               some               can               only               make               it               in               a               residential               program.
               Juvenile               hall               officials               need               to               start               paying               attention               to               individual               kids               and               determine               carefully               whether               it               will               help               the               kids               to               be               locked               up               and               what               type               of               rehabilitation,               if               any,               is               needed,               Kumli               says.
               Later,               when               I               talk               to               Bridgett               Jones,               Kumli's               counterpart               in               the               public               defender's               office,               she               also               argues               for               rehabilitation               over               punishment,               but               she               wants               kids               to               get               it               on               the               outside.

Jones               says               locking               kids               up               for               rehab               programs               can't               be               the               answer               because               it               has               already               failed.

She               will               not               concede               that               any               child               deserves               to               be               locked               up.
               Kumli               goes               on               to               say               that               overall,               the               system               only               needs               a               little               fine-tuning.

After               all,               it               almost               works               now,               he               says:
               "Despite               the               fact               that               this               place               has               a               sausage-factory               mentality,               I               think               if               you               learn               the               laws               and               learn               how               to               work               with--or               around--the               laws,               you               can               do               good               things."






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